Renewable energy we mean by those generated from non-conventional natural source, constant and inexhaustible, and needs, only to convert it from a natural energy to other easy to use age-mediated techniques.
Man lives in an ocean of energy, nature works around us without stop giving huge amounts of energy is limited so that the man can not be used for only a small part of them, the most powerful generators at all is the sun, and watershed alone is able to be produced from hydroelectric power as a 80% of the total energy consumed by humans.
If harnessed the wind to produce electricity produced twice as much water today, even if we used the rush of tidal power generation in the half gave us our need them.
It all alternatives to oil, solar energy captured, renewable and other alternatives; such as wind, organic residues, and the power generated by tidal movement, and in the waves, thermal gradients and thermal fluid groundwater, captured the imagination of the public and decision-makers and interests alike.
Although the advantages of renewable alternatives are well known, but there are some difficulties faced by their use, they are not always available upon request, and requires huge initial investments, and to recover the initial investment which takes a long time.
Solar energy and renewable sources and intervention are essential elements in the energy programs in all countries, especially those that enjoyed the conditions of solar or Strong winds.
Began the industrialized world, and the head of the United States, feel the energy crisis during the October 1973 war between the Arab states and Israel, when the Arab oil-producing countries cut oil supplies to Western support for Israel declared states.
Since then became, OPEC oil are determined by the sale price and not the oil companies as before.
The impact of this situation in these countries to resort to alternative means of power generation. Only eight years and did not denounce the oil embargo, even stimulate planners and businessmen to think seriously about the wind.
The characteristics and features of renewable energy
1. Available in most countries of the world.
2. A local source does not move, and in line with the reality of the development of remote and rural areas and needs.
3. clean and pollution of the environment, and maintain public health.
4. economical in many applications, and with a large economic return.
5. ensure the continued availability and favorable price and regularity.
6. Do not occur any noise, or leave any harmful residues cause environmental pollution.
7. Verify environmentally sophisticated, socially and industrially and agriculturally on across the country.
8. use uncomplicated techniques and can be manufactured locally in developing countries.
Renewable energy sources
1. Wind Energy.
2. Solar energy.
3. Energy waterfalls.
4. biomass energy.
5. kinetic energy of waves and tides.
6. Energy heat the ground.
7. temperature difference energy in the depths of the oceans and seas.
Solar Energy
Solar energy is one of the most important energy resources in the world.
The actual investment has been delayed despite of the most important advantages as a source of inexhaustible, for example, Saudi Arabia alone that do not exceed an area of a million square miles, you receive a day more than a hundred million million kilowatt / hour of solar energy, which is equivalent to electric power the amount of four billion megawatts, or thermal energy generated from ten billion barrels of oil production per day.
The emergence of solar energy use and development
Spans the history of use of solar energy to the prehistoric age, when he used the monks gilded surfaces to ignite the balance of the altar, in the year 212 BC. M Archimedes Archimedes was able to burn the Roman fleet by concentrating sunlight it from a distance, using mirrors, and in 1615 AD The world Salomon de Cox Saomon De Caux interpretation of the so-called “solar motorized” a set of lenses placed in a certain context of its mission sunlight concentration on its water-tight vessel, and when the air is heated inside the vessel expands and presses the water come out and paid in the form of a fountain.
The French invented the world’s George Lewis Klerk Boven George Buffon first solar oven to cook. In 1747, the French astronomer managed c. Cassini Jacques Cassini of burning glass industry drop of 112 cm, enabled him to get the temperature has increased about a thousand degrees Celsius was enough to melt the rod of iron within seconds, the world Avoziyh La Voisin oven solar enabled him to get a degree 1760 and was designed and conducted STK Stock and Henman Heinemann in Germany, the first experience of using solar energy for melting silicon, copper, iron, and manganese.
In 1875 the world of solar collectors witnessed remarkable progress, where the machine is designed steam generating 1.5 kW of electricity, and in 1878 was able to Abel Beaver Abal Pierre run printing machine powered by solar, and in the period from 1884 in 1881 invented the world’s John Ericsson Ericson circle Ericsson, which operate hot air to convert solar energy into kinetic energy, and the world was able to English and .adamz W.Adams making solar-powered boiler produces 2 kW.
The solar plant, which was invented in the eighties of the nineteenth century, the only work in the presence of the sun during the day, while stop working during the night and in the periods of clouds.
In 1893, the world got m. L. Sifry ML Severy patented solar machine is working 24 hours a day, which store energy during the day in private batteries, for use after sunset.
In 1888 Weston Weston found a way to convert solar energy into mechanical energy, using the so-called “thermal duplicative” where they can generate a voltage between the contact points between two different hot-cold Kalnichael miners and iron, for example, in 1897, making him the world.
CNN. Reagan H.C. Reagan thermal duplication to generate electricity using solar energy device.
In 1904 produced, in St. Louis, America, Solar machine produces 5-kilowatt electricity, and in 1905 carried Boyle Boyle and Edward Wyman Edward Wyman first solar machine produces 15 kilowatts of electricity in the California desert.
In 1911, Frank Shuman was able to run a solar system produces 32 kilowatts of electricity, it is considered an economic project.
In 1912, he played Schumann Shuman and Boys, the implementation of a larger project to pump water in the world, and that was in Maadi, Egypt. This project produced 4537 kilowatts, over five hours of operation-related, but this project was neglected because of the First World War in 1915.
During the thirties, interest in solar power has increased, especially in the field of use in solar water heaters with a capacity of 100 200 liters, so the number of popular heaters rooftops quarter of a million units in 1960, Japan.
In the mid-thirties, the idea of solar batteries has emerged.
Power plants
Can use solar energy to water vapor that is used in the operation of the electricity generating turbines. The sun’s rays are based on the boiler in different ways, and can be used cylindrical mirrors to focus the rays.
It can feed the power plant design alive consists of thousand homes, the complex consists in this case of a large field of mirrors, represents a group reflect sunlight and concentration on large kettle placed the highest tower called “power tower”.
The station houses and feeds about 70% of daily needs. The station continues to work for four hours, after a stop complexes from work at sunset. The estimated need for a typical home at about 1200 kW hours per month. Thus, the average living requirements of 1.2 MWh in peak situations figure rises to 3.3 MWh.
Solar motors
At the beginning of the twentieth century, established solar motors company in Boston, United States of America, for the purpose of producing solar economic machine on a commercial scale, to meet the energy requirements of the new irrigation projects in the deserts of California and Arizona, where the oil has not yet been discovered and wide.
And use the motor to pump water from the wells, and the total power of 15 horsepower motor, did not receive solar motors project expected success, the Egyptian government has bought one of the units to be installed in Khartoum, Sudan.
The South African government also requested the purchase of two units; the company did not shop any unit in the United States.
Solar batteries
After World War II, but the company announced that Bell Telephones for the discovery of solar batteries, has helped clubbing space prospects for the world to increase interest in solar batteries. In 1959, carrying a satellite, the Vanguard Gard number of solar batteries to supply the necessary energy wireless station.
US Agency for Space Research, “NASA” has achieved during the sixties, huge developments in the areas of solar battery to provide power for the spacecraft, and the battery can store the amount of energy at a rate of 22_44oat hour / kg of weight, and managed by NASA from making battery capacity of 125 watts teams effort 4 volts and efficiency of 3% and the estimated cost in the range of $ 0.1 per kilowatt hour.
As well as possible, making the battery capacity of 1 kilowatt in the nuclear section of the General Dynamics Corporation of America.
Types of solar batteries
1 silicon battery.
The broader solar batteries silicon batteries commonly used and developers in the world, and made according to the technology of semiconductors, is the silicon component element balanced chemically, and can be used in solar batteries feature old-long industry, and if the United States wanted that these batteries are used to generate much of the electricity meets their needs , they need to about two million tons of silicon metal, while, currently, does not produce only 90 tons per year.
2. Battery cadmium sulfide
Used for the purposes of space, which is very sensitive to water vapor, and therefore should be placed in capsules court, so that it can be used for the purposes of the ground; and because cadmium has a toxic effect on the human, so you need to be careful when handling these batteries.
Therefore, use Sellner zinc industry these batteries, instead of cadmium sulfide, because it is less dangerous.
3. Kharchinad GaN battery:
These batteries are characterized by their ability to absorb excess optical photons, and can be used at temperatures higher than those used batteries then silicon or cadmium sulfide heat, and use these batteries multiple advanced techniques and methods for their production.
Wind Energy
In early 1981, wind power has become a fast-growing area, where he led efforts and ambitions that have been made during the seventies in research and development for a wealth of recent studies have shown that wind power practical source of electricity. It is now installing large numbers of machines that wind in many of the countries, for the first time, for more than fifty years.
But these machine is a huge market increasingly growing in remote areas, where electricity powers the pump, which supplies diesel engines and small electrical networks expensive.
Vamadkhat irrigation operating wind is now spreading in Australia, and parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Probably used the wind, in the near future, to generate electricity on farms and homes at a lower cost than is received by the local power utility.
Contribute a substantial portion of the large wind turbines in the global energy supply may require a little longer. These turbines are not simple machines, since it includes sophisticated engineering works, as well as control systems based on micro-electronic computers. There are many companies in the United States, and a few other countries have research programs in the field of wind energy, and many plans to rely on this source of energy.
The conditions completely unprepared to this technology moves quickly, the two phases of research and planning, to commercial reality. May soon be available to tens of millions of small turbines and pumps that meet the needs of the rural areas of the world, it is possible to connect clusters of large electricity networks of the utility companies, wind machines. During the early years of this century, many of the countries can get somewhere between 20% and 30% of its electricity by harnessing wind power. It will be the technology of modern wind, which exploit this clean economic source of renewable energy power, its place in the world after oil.
Harnessing the wind
Approximately 2% of the incident sunlight on the Earth’s surface light turns into kinetic energy of the wind. This is a huge amount of energy a lot more than what consumers energy all over the world in any given year.
There are two basic phenomena Metropolitan Subban in the bulk of the winds of the world. Then there is a huge pattern of air circulation to pull cold air toward the polar regions Madareeten, to replace the air warmer and lighter, which ascends and then moves towards the poles. And created high pressure zones and low pressure, and work rotation power of the earth to the air circulation in the direction of movement clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and in the opposite direction of movement clockwise north of the equator, these two lines are responsible for the main features of the weather continuing business such as wind in the tropics, Bank and the prevailing winds in the northern temperate zones. Another reason for the long-term wind, is that the air above the ocean is not heated to the extent that it heats the air above the land. Wind and ocean arise when cold air is flowing to the mainland to replace the air warm rookie.
The end result is the weather systems are unstable and ever-changing. The thermal energy of sunlight is constantly transformed into kinetic energy of the wind. But this energy is changed by friction with the Earth’s surface and within the wind itself. And a small part of the wind energy is the one who can actually make use of it. Most of the wind blowing at high altitudes or over the oceans, and so it is far-fetched.
And harnessing wind power is not a new idea, it has been used in sailing ships. Emerged after the windmills, which are machines Tstalp wind power, leading to a variety of mechanical works. Show the first sign of windmills in the writings of the Arabs in the Middle Ages, has described the wind machines primitive in Persia in the seventh century. Has developed similar machines in China, and has been used since at least 2000 years.
The windmills were introduced in Europe sometime before the twelfth century, and by the fifteenth century and found a sophisticated forms of this technology in all parts of Europe, and in the Netherlands the number of machines that were used in that era about 12 thousand machine
And Denmark, which lacks a great degree to the local fossil fuels in its different forms, produced windmills improved and used to supply a quarter of industrial power in the country in 1900, and by the late nineteenth century were an estimated six million water pump used in the United States.
Engineer was produced in Denmark wind machine to generate electricity in 1890 after the production of electricity by a commercial engine for the first time shortly. Thriving market emerged for this new wind turbines in Denmark and the United States and a few other countries during the twenties and thirties of this century.
The researchers designed in Britain, Denmark, France, and the Soviet Union, the United States, Germany and wind turbines Parrish diameters of 20 meters or more electric capacity increased to 100 kW.
In the United States developed the turbine Smith and Putnam wind during the forties, and was a model for advanced technology research projects during this era, and was run by the huge blades of stainless steel, and its 1,250 kilowatts, and this figure did not reach the other machine until the seventies and are well-designed wind machines degree of simplicity and accuracy, helped convinced many scientists and engineers the great success that they preach renewable energy technologies.
Energy available in the wind and depends crucially on the speed, in terms of energy multiplied to eight-fold whenever the wind speed increased to double. The average annual wind speed varies from less than six miles per hour in a few areas, to 20 mph in some mountain and coastal areas. The speeds that reach or exceed 12 miles per hour on average, which is appropriate for wind speeds in order to be machine-generated economic power, and could be available in large areas.
Wind energy cosmic expected amount roughly equivalent to five times the use of electric current in the world, and where the generation of power available from the wind rises up cubic wind speed, so the areas with strong winds will witness a great development in this area.
In the United States appeared to wind turbines installed on 6% of the land area can meet the equivalent of 20% of its electricity needs.
Suffice three US states are North and South Dakota, and Texas, and although no one expects the implementation of such a plan, it is fact that the dynamics of wind will become an essential component in the electricity network in North America.
The difficulties faced by the use of wind energy
Wind, like other types of renewable energies, can not be relied upon permanently, any spot on earth may be exposed to strong winds at times, was then the wind completely stop at other times and to overcome the problem of power fluctuation, due to changes in wind speed, must be accompanied by program to generate a strong wind plants postcard program to save energy, either in the form of electrical energy in batteries, or mechanical energy is used to lift water up to the top of a mountain, for example, and then re-use the water to generate electricity when the wind weakens.
The economics of wind power, and programs of some countries in order to exploit
Produces small wind turbine many shapes and sizes, most of the productive activity is concentrated on the machines, which can generate varies from one kilowatt to 15 kilowatts, and feathers diameters less than 12 meters.
American Model object in the area and the house where the average wind speed at more than 12 miles per hour, you can get most of its electricity using a turbine Aeolian capacity ranging between three and five kilowatts.
And varying wind energy system, which is to meet the needs of such a house costs, from five thousand to 20 thousand US dollars.
A typical turbine remote places, a small, solid, and generates a constant stream can Save it in batteries, for use when the wind does not be severe.
And now uses 20 thousand turbine Aeolian in remote places, the fire control points, airports remote and isolated farms in Australia, and the drifting buoys to guide ships away from the coast of Chile, and in mountain huts built by Switzerland places.
Active Industries wind turbines in Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States and a few other countries and there.
The wind turbines are usually cheaper in use of diesel generators, especially in areas where the need to be very little electricity. However, these small wind energy systems are expensive, they generate electricity at a price much higher than the 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, far higher than the price of electricity that generate centrally in most of the country. And so on; because the electricity generated must be stored in batteries, and this process is very high cost.
Combination of electricity generated by wind and the central electricity grid
In recent years has produced a completely different system, it can be used in conjunction with electricity derived from electricity generation facility.
Instead of this wind turbine produces a continuous stream, reach even result in the birth of a current hesitant quite similar to the electricity carried by most of the lines attached.
There are other new machines where the asynchronous adapter is used to perform the same work. And these two techniques, can be used for electricity derived from the central grid with wind power in homes and workplaces. Instead of a user having these turbines to rely on batteries, while there is no wind, it draws electricity from the public facility like an ordinary customer. When the wind is plentiful, and the need for low power, can be re-excess energy in public utility lines enter, thereby acting customer counter in the opposite direction. Thus becomes the owner of the machine producer of wind power, in addition to being a consumer, public utility network is, in fact, be the client’s battery.
Evolution of Use
Studies indicate that there are 3.8 million rural home Balonh the United States, serve as suitable sites, in particular, small wind generators, and more than 370 thousand farm. It can, on the basis of this study, estimate that it is possible to be in the United States in one day a large number of small operating wind turbines of up to five million turbine, supplying about 25 thousand megawatts of generating capacity of electricity or half what extend its power nuclear currently.
And occupies the United States at the forefront in the development of wind machines, since 1975 Aviation Affairs Administration began and space, “NASA” a work in a series of horizontal turbine axis steady arrogance, this program is now under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy and now, newly ensured the establishment of three turbine capacity in 2500 kilowatts in the Columbia River Valley severe winds in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean coast.
Boeing has designed an amazing huge machine has two feathers drawing a bow with a diameter of 100 meters approx. Can be seen from a distance of 5 miles per day wakefulness.
Energy is used to manage the synchronous generator pays electricity directly in the Department of electricity for the Bonneville power grid. It is expected that this machine generates electricity initial price of about eight cents per kilowatt hour.
Mainland officials in Denmark and hopes to offer, soon in the market, from the production machine with a capacity of 630 kilowatts. There is one of the largest engineering companies in England made to generate electricity in nuclear power plants, and these are the company’s ability to design a turbine Aeolian 3 thousand kilowatt government funding. And developed the Bendix Corporation and Hamilton Standard in the United States two machines Ofiqitin axis Ability of the 2 are three thousand, four thousand kilowatts.
In Germany Program Jruyan Growian called program includes 25 projects, some of them for the production of small fans for the production of electrical energy in the range of 15 kW, for use in developing countries and another project to produce a giant fans Qatar up the fan to 50 meters, and its capacity of 265 kilowatt hours.
Israel and are used derived from wind in economic quantities wind energy, and where it has established plants containing high towers in areas of the Upper Galilee, and Carmel, and Bani Amer, and Arrana in the Negev, and has installed capacity of wind turbines in 1200 to 1300 kWh.
Hydropower
The sun mechanical energy in flowing water, as 23% of the solar energy that reaches the earth falls on the surface of the sea, rivers and oceans Then evaporates the water which mounts water vapor with air into the upper atmosphere, Then cooled and the clouds started moving, with the air, to remote areas, and if what I met the foothills of the mountains, they cool down and turn, secondly, to water or refund falls over these mountains, including rushes down very quickly, so the waterways and rivers. Another part of the rain gathered over the mountains in large lakes, even if they were filled, the water flooded them downward to the bottom of the component waterfalls.
In order to exploit the potential energy gained in enormous amounts of stored water in these lakes, the gates are placed at the exits of these lakes, so that they can, on their way, control the rate of fall in the water. The energy situation is equal to the weight of water in the lake stock multiplied by the rise in the lake, from the point at which then will use this energy.
Potential energy = mass of water gravity wheel × × height.
When the rush of the water stored in the lake to the bottom of the potential energy turns into kinetic energy, and if it falls on a turbine connected to a generator, this kinetic energy transformed into mechanical energy runs a turbine, generating electricity, and the efficiency of electric power generation from waterfalls up to 85%, which is higher the efficiency of electricity generation by thermal power plants.
I took many countries in the construction of dams at high Lakes ports, and waterfalls areas. In the rivers of the country, which can build large dams and reservoirs on these rivers streams, and the use of high water level behind the dam in the turbine to generate electricity management.
As is the case when the High Dam place on Lake Nasser in Aswan in Egypt and produces annually 8663 GWh.
The use of large-scale hydroelectric power plants Features
1.
Pollution of the environment does not occur.
2.
Capital is spent in the construction of the dam or reservoir, and this serves to regulate irrigation, as well as to generate electricity.
3.
Power generation efficiency of the high-water power up to 85%, while in thermal power plants does not exceed 40% and 15% of solar cells.
4.
You do not need to high costs for maintenance.
5.
Water turbines easy installation and operation.
Tidal power
Tides of mechanical energy sources in nature, and this phenomenon arising out of attraction between the Earth and the Moon, and the impact of large forces of attraction in the area perpendicular to the moon on the earth’s surface, and the dry surface affected by this power while the surface of the water is affected.
In fount ocean water to the top, as well as the Center of the Earth is attracted in the direction of the moon; causing another tide in the corresponding area of the earth. And the first to provide a practical explanation for this phenomenon is the world of the German astronomer Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler where the link between water movements in the rise and fall, and the conditions of both the sun and the moon, and then the British Isaac Newton Isaac Newton the world and to develop its own laws about gravity between different objects came, and thus put the foundation of the modern theory that explains the phenomenon of the tides.
Due to the movement of Land around itself once every 24 hours, and attract the moon tide in the opposite points on the surface of the earth at the same time, the time period between each consecutive owe happen is 12 hours. Show clearly visible tide in some bays oceans. In some areas, the water during high tide up to 15 meters, where it can take advantage of this phenomenon is a source of electric power generation.
The use of tidal energy in electricity generation
Using tidal energy to generate electricity through the construction of a dam at the entrance to the Gulf, which has a large difference in water level between the tides, and the electricity generating turbines are placed at the gate of the dam.
In the period of tide water level rises in the ocean in front of the gates of the dam, and it opens the gates slowly, and entering the water from outside the Gulf attributed the high to the low alleged inside, Who shall movement electricity generating turbines and close gates after that.
When the tide is limited, and reduced the water level in the ocean in front of the dam, open the gates slowly, Rushes attributed to the high water from inside the Gulf, is attributed to the low in the ocean Who shall movement electricity turbines, including the energy situation has turned into kinetic energy.
Shut the gates after that until the tide starts again after a 12-hour session goes back again. So there are four sessions to generate electricity per day. During the two Tide enter the water from the Atlantic Ocean into the Gulf, and during the two islands and exit of water from the Gulf to the ocean.
Some states have established power stations operate tidal card, such as France. In the United States station near the Brittany coast, when the Rance River entrance, its capacity of 240 megawatts, and there is a plan to exploit the Tidal power in the provision of 1% of its energy, and there is another project under study, planned to stay on the western shores of Nova Scotia, where the rising wave tide around 8.7 meters, when they enter the Annapolis River. When the water out to sea, while the islands, pay turbines are expected to generate about 20 megawatts.
The Soviet Union, as well as Brown, previously, a similar station at the entrance Kamilsay River, not to exceed its capacity to generate more than 400 kilowatts.
Carbonated Energy
The hydrogen gas at the top of the list of fuels that can be used after the exhausted traditional fuels, as it is one of the most gases and abundance in the universe, which is a raw material in the heart of all the stars, and despite the abundance in the heart of the stars in the space located between the galaxies, but the atmosphere air of the land is not available with the free hydrogen gas freewheeling.
It uses hydrogen gas currently in the industry in many purposes, so he brings in large quantities reach about 10 trillion cubic feet in the world, and can be obtained by electrolysis of water, this method gives a gas pure significantly, but this is available in the sea water and the ocean the main source of this gas and so in a way the electrolysis of water, and can obtain the necessary voltage of the solar energy.
Hydrogen gas has been used to generate electricity brokered fuel cells, which do not cause any pollution to the environment, as it is when it burns gives water vapor, which is a natural component of the air components.
Fuel cells
Manufactures fuel cell simplified two poles of carbon with little metal platinum, which is a contributing factor in sulfuric acid loaded. When you pass a stream of hydrogen gas at one of the two poles, and passage of a stream of oxygen gas, or from the air, on the second pole van such simple cell Volta one of the DC power is given, can be grouped such cells in the form of large columns, each of which consists of dozens of these cells to obtain the necessary effort.
Advantage of fuel cells that it does not result in operating noise or noise like the rest of other power plants, so it can establish power plants that run fuel cell anywhere in the center of cities and populated areas, which saves a great deal of costs when the electric power generated distribution them.
Can be used for small units assembled from these cells to provide power in some large buildings, or in some of the big stores, you may need from 25 200 kilowatts of electricity, the researchers estimated in this area, that the electricity generating efficiency of these cells will in the future to about 80 %.
And you need fuel cells when used in electricity generation device that converts fuel into hydrogen-rich gas, and another device that converts the DC output them to AC even in line with the normal electrical grid stream.
The benefits of using renewable energy
In the military field
Of the most important military applications for renewable energy use in facilitating the life of the new military towns, and the units stationed in remote areas, and develop different sources of renewable energy for various purposes; to generate electricity, and desalination of sea water, and cooking, and the use of central systems for solar heaters, for the purpose of providing shelter requirements of military concentrations in remote areas, and the most important applications used in the military field of renewable energy as follows:
1. solar heating system for military colleges to use students.
2. The use of solar water heaters field; to supply hot water units for soldiers.
3. supply of residential areas and military urban solar By heaters.
4. desalination.
Given the vital role that can be played solar cells to generate electricity in remote areas, this technique has been introduced in the field of military use of the following:
A.
Feeding fixed wireless terminals.
B.
Feeding portable wireless devices by individuals.
C.
Food in refrigerators is cooling.
The nature of the work requires the necessity of the presence of armed forces personnel and equipment in remote areas, both on the international border or in the desert, and you need these forces to save food and great for so used refrigerators cooled solar energy.
D.
Solar energy is used to generate electricity for lighting purposes, and management of pumps to extract groundwater.
Receive a large share of wind power in military applications, where high exploiting capabilities, allowing the implementation of projects of wind energy at a high level as follows:
1.
Use of wind energy with a common system for diesel using computerized control and monitoring, and give one fan 200 kWh if used five fans, it was possible to provide megawatts one hour, enough to provide electrical energy for military zone, and units of their own control, and electricity is transferred using insulated aerial cables hanging on wooden poles, so as to take into account aspects of operational, so as to prevent any interference likely on the radar devices, also gives an opportunity to increase the number of electrical lines, without having to use additional columns, and that the use of insulated aerial cable prevents any interference caused by electromagnetic waves from the cable with devices wireless transceiver.
2.
Use of wind energy in the desalination of sea water, to use the military in remote areas that lack the presence of fresh water, as well as in the nearby sea, the desert areas.
Generated from biomass energy use
Been the subject of energy generation from organic waste fermentation anaerobic, which is known as bio-production technique, a keen interest in all applications, it should be noted that the Biogas technology not only contribute to solving the energy problem, but they also contribute to solving the problems of food shortages, and increasing environmental pollution .
Biogas Technology and a special importance in the military uses; because they are a way to combat pollution, and re-use of wastewater, waste, and kitchen, in military camps and cities.
The use of renewable energy in the civil sphere
1. commercial home use
A.
Water heating for the purpose of bathing, washing, cleaning, using solar collectors without converting them to any other form of energy. It is cheaper and cleaner forms of energy at all.
B.
The solar water heating using a flat solar absorber of advanced technology ready economically, which has spread broadly in more than one use.
C.
Solar water heating, does not represent a key item in the state budget.
2. agricultural use
A.
Drying of agricultural products.
B.
Solar greenhouses.
3. Industrial Use
A.
Some plants have tended to use solar energy in some heating and evaporation processes, especially in food factories, plastic, dyeing, in addition to the bakery machinery, and many other industries that require medium or low heat.
B.
Water distillation.
C.
Batteries Relay television and radio stations.
D.
Lighting shipping lanes.
E.
Warning navigational devices.
And.
Operating system loudspeakers.
G.
Operation of televisions in the popular squares.
H.
Refrigerators are keeping drugs in health units.
I.
Charge electric batteries.
J.
Solar irrigation pumps to lift water to irrigate agricultural land.
K.
Operation of desalination units.
L.
Electrification of remote villages.
Man lives in an ocean of energy, nature works around us without stop giving huge amounts of energy is limited so that the man can not be used for only a small part of them, the most powerful generators at all is the sun, and watershed alone is able to be produced from hydroelectric power as a 80% of the total energy consumed by humans.
If harnessed the wind to produce electricity produced twice as much water today, even if we used the rush of tidal power generation in the half gave us our need them.
It all alternatives to oil, solar energy captured, renewable and other alternatives; such as wind, organic residues, and the power generated by tidal movement, and in the waves, thermal gradients and thermal fluid groundwater, captured the imagination of the public and decision-makers and interests alike.
Although the advantages of renewable alternatives are well known, but there are some difficulties faced by their use, they are not always available upon request, and requires huge initial investments, and to recover the initial investment which takes a long time.
Solar energy and renewable sources and intervention are essential elements in the energy programs in all countries, especially those that enjoyed the conditions of solar or Strong winds.
Began the industrialized world, and the head of the United States, feel the energy crisis during the October 1973 war between the Arab states and Israel, when the Arab oil-producing countries cut oil supplies to Western support for Israel declared states.
Since then became, OPEC oil are determined by the sale price and not the oil companies as before.
The impact of this situation in these countries to resort to alternative means of power generation. Only eight years and did not denounce the oil embargo, even stimulate planners and businessmen to think seriously about the wind.
The characteristics and features of renewable energy
1. Available in most countries of the world.
2. A local source does not move, and in line with the reality of the development of remote and rural areas and needs.
3. clean and pollution of the environment, and maintain public health.
4. economical in many applications, and with a large economic return.
5. ensure the continued availability and favorable price and regularity.
6. Do not occur any noise, or leave any harmful residues cause environmental pollution.
7. Verify environmentally sophisticated, socially and industrially and agriculturally on across the country.
8. use uncomplicated techniques and can be manufactured locally in developing countries.
Renewable energy sources
1. Wind Energy.
2. Solar energy.
3. Energy waterfalls.
4. biomass energy.
5. kinetic energy of waves and tides.
6. Energy heat the ground.
7. temperature difference energy in the depths of the oceans and seas.
Solar Energy
Solar energy is one of the most important energy resources in the world.
The actual investment has been delayed despite of the most important advantages as a source of inexhaustible, for example, Saudi Arabia alone that do not exceed an area of a million square miles, you receive a day more than a hundred million million kilowatt / hour of solar energy, which is equivalent to electric power the amount of four billion megawatts, or thermal energy generated from ten billion barrels of oil production per day.
The emergence of solar energy use and development
Spans the history of use of solar energy to the prehistoric age, when he used the monks gilded surfaces to ignite the balance of the altar, in the year 212 BC. M Archimedes Archimedes was able to burn the Roman fleet by concentrating sunlight it from a distance, using mirrors, and in 1615 AD The world Salomon de Cox Saomon De Caux interpretation of the so-called “solar motorized” a set of lenses placed in a certain context of its mission sunlight concentration on its water-tight vessel, and when the air is heated inside the vessel expands and presses the water come out and paid in the form of a fountain.
The French invented the world’s George Lewis Klerk Boven George Buffon first solar oven to cook. In 1747, the French astronomer managed c. Cassini Jacques Cassini of burning glass industry drop of 112 cm, enabled him to get the temperature has increased about a thousand degrees Celsius was enough to melt the rod of iron within seconds, the world Avoziyh La Voisin oven solar enabled him to get a degree 1760 and was designed and conducted STK Stock and Henman Heinemann in Germany, the first experience of using solar energy for melting silicon, copper, iron, and manganese.
In 1875 the world of solar collectors witnessed remarkable progress, where the machine is designed steam generating 1.5 kW of electricity, and in 1878 was able to Abel Beaver Abal Pierre run printing machine powered by solar, and in the period from 1884 in 1881 invented the world’s John Ericsson Ericson circle Ericsson, which operate hot air to convert solar energy into kinetic energy, and the world was able to English and .adamz W.Adams making solar-powered boiler produces 2 kW.
The solar plant, which was invented in the eighties of the nineteenth century, the only work in the presence of the sun during the day, while stop working during the night and in the periods of clouds.
In 1893, the world got m. L. Sifry ML Severy patented solar machine is working 24 hours a day, which store energy during the day in private batteries, for use after sunset.
In 1888 Weston Weston found a way to convert solar energy into mechanical energy, using the so-called “thermal duplicative” where they can generate a voltage between the contact points between two different hot-cold Kalnichael miners and iron, for example, in 1897, making him the world.
CNN. Reagan H.C. Reagan thermal duplication to generate electricity using solar energy device.
In 1904 produced, in St. Louis, America, Solar machine produces 5-kilowatt electricity, and in 1905 carried Boyle Boyle and Edward Wyman Edward Wyman first solar machine produces 15 kilowatts of electricity in the California desert.
In 1911, Frank Shuman was able to run a solar system produces 32 kilowatts of electricity, it is considered an economic project.
In 1912, he played Schumann Shuman and Boys, the implementation of a larger project to pump water in the world, and that was in Maadi, Egypt. This project produced 4537 kilowatts, over five hours of operation-related, but this project was neglected because of the First World War in 1915.
During the thirties, interest in solar power has increased, especially in the field of use in solar water heaters with a capacity of 100 200 liters, so the number of popular heaters rooftops quarter of a million units in 1960, Japan.
In the mid-thirties, the idea of solar batteries has emerged.
Power plants
Can use solar energy to water vapor that is used in the operation of the electricity generating turbines. The sun’s rays are based on the boiler in different ways, and can be used cylindrical mirrors to focus the rays.
It can feed the power plant design alive consists of thousand homes, the complex consists in this case of a large field of mirrors, represents a group reflect sunlight and concentration on large kettle placed the highest tower called “power tower”.
The station houses and feeds about 70% of daily needs. The station continues to work for four hours, after a stop complexes from work at sunset. The estimated need for a typical home at about 1200 kW hours per month. Thus, the average living requirements of 1.2 MWh in peak situations figure rises to 3.3 MWh.
Solar motors
At the beginning of the twentieth century, established solar motors company in Boston, United States of America, for the purpose of producing solar economic machine on a commercial scale, to meet the energy requirements of the new irrigation projects in the deserts of California and Arizona, where the oil has not yet been discovered and wide.
And use the motor to pump water from the wells, and the total power of 15 horsepower motor, did not receive solar motors project expected success, the Egyptian government has bought one of the units to be installed in Khartoum, Sudan.
The South African government also requested the purchase of two units; the company did not shop any unit in the United States.
Solar batteries
After World War II, but the company announced that Bell Telephones for the discovery of solar batteries, has helped clubbing space prospects for the world to increase interest in solar batteries. In 1959, carrying a satellite, the Vanguard Gard number of solar batteries to supply the necessary energy wireless station.
US Agency for Space Research, “NASA” has achieved during the sixties, huge developments in the areas of solar battery to provide power for the spacecraft, and the battery can store the amount of energy at a rate of 22_44oat hour / kg of weight, and managed by NASA from making battery capacity of 125 watts teams effort 4 volts and efficiency of 3% and the estimated cost in the range of $ 0.1 per kilowatt hour.
As well as possible, making the battery capacity of 1 kilowatt in the nuclear section of the General Dynamics Corporation of America.
Types of solar batteries
1 silicon battery.
The broader solar batteries silicon batteries commonly used and developers in the world, and made according to the technology of semiconductors, is the silicon component element balanced chemically, and can be used in solar batteries feature old-long industry, and if the United States wanted that these batteries are used to generate much of the electricity meets their needs , they need to about two million tons of silicon metal, while, currently, does not produce only 90 tons per year.
2. Battery cadmium sulfide
Used for the purposes of space, which is very sensitive to water vapor, and therefore should be placed in capsules court, so that it can be used for the purposes of the ground; and because cadmium has a toxic effect on the human, so you need to be careful when handling these batteries.
Therefore, use Sellner zinc industry these batteries, instead of cadmium sulfide, because it is less dangerous.
3. Kharchinad GaN battery:
These batteries are characterized by their ability to absorb excess optical photons, and can be used at temperatures higher than those used batteries then silicon or cadmium sulfide heat, and use these batteries multiple advanced techniques and methods for their production.
Wind Energy
In early 1981, wind power has become a fast-growing area, where he led efforts and ambitions that have been made during the seventies in research and development for a wealth of recent studies have shown that wind power practical source of electricity. It is now installing large numbers of machines that wind in many of the countries, for the first time, for more than fifty years.
But these machine is a huge market increasingly growing in remote areas, where electricity powers the pump, which supplies diesel engines and small electrical networks expensive.
Vamadkhat irrigation operating wind is now spreading in Australia, and parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Probably used the wind, in the near future, to generate electricity on farms and homes at a lower cost than is received by the local power utility.
Contribute a substantial portion of the large wind turbines in the global energy supply may require a little longer. These turbines are not simple machines, since it includes sophisticated engineering works, as well as control systems based on micro-electronic computers. There are many companies in the United States, and a few other countries have research programs in the field of wind energy, and many plans to rely on this source of energy.
The conditions completely unprepared to this technology moves quickly, the two phases of research and planning, to commercial reality. May soon be available to tens of millions of small turbines and pumps that meet the needs of the rural areas of the world, it is possible to connect clusters of large electricity networks of the utility companies, wind machines. During the early years of this century, many of the countries can get somewhere between 20% and 30% of its electricity by harnessing wind power. It will be the technology of modern wind, which exploit this clean economic source of renewable energy power, its place in the world after oil.
Harnessing the wind
Approximately 2% of the incident sunlight on the Earth’s surface light turns into kinetic energy of the wind. This is a huge amount of energy a lot more than what consumers energy all over the world in any given year.
There are two basic phenomena Metropolitan Subban in the bulk of the winds of the world. Then there is a huge pattern of air circulation to pull cold air toward the polar regions Madareeten, to replace the air warmer and lighter, which ascends and then moves towards the poles. And created high pressure zones and low pressure, and work rotation power of the earth to the air circulation in the direction of movement clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and in the opposite direction of movement clockwise north of the equator, these two lines are responsible for the main features of the weather continuing business such as wind in the tropics, Bank and the prevailing winds in the northern temperate zones. Another reason for the long-term wind, is that the air above the ocean is not heated to the extent that it heats the air above the land. Wind and ocean arise when cold air is flowing to the mainland to replace the air warm rookie.
The end result is the weather systems are unstable and ever-changing. The thermal energy of sunlight is constantly transformed into kinetic energy of the wind. But this energy is changed by friction with the Earth’s surface and within the wind itself. And a small part of the wind energy is the one who can actually make use of it. Most of the wind blowing at high altitudes or over the oceans, and so it is far-fetched.
And harnessing wind power is not a new idea, it has been used in sailing ships. Emerged after the windmills, which are machines Tstalp wind power, leading to a variety of mechanical works. Show the first sign of windmills in the writings of the Arabs in the Middle Ages, has described the wind machines primitive in Persia in the seventh century. Has developed similar machines in China, and has been used since at least 2000 years.
The windmills were introduced in Europe sometime before the twelfth century, and by the fifteenth century and found a sophisticated forms of this technology in all parts of Europe, and in the Netherlands the number of machines that were used in that era about 12 thousand machine
And Denmark, which lacks a great degree to the local fossil fuels in its different forms, produced windmills improved and used to supply a quarter of industrial power in the country in 1900, and by the late nineteenth century were an estimated six million water pump used in the United States.
Engineer was produced in Denmark wind machine to generate electricity in 1890 after the production of electricity by a commercial engine for the first time shortly. Thriving market emerged for this new wind turbines in Denmark and the United States and a few other countries during the twenties and thirties of this century.
The researchers designed in Britain, Denmark, France, and the Soviet Union, the United States, Germany and wind turbines Parrish diameters of 20 meters or more electric capacity increased to 100 kW.
In the United States developed the turbine Smith and Putnam wind during the forties, and was a model for advanced technology research projects during this era, and was run by the huge blades of stainless steel, and its 1,250 kilowatts, and this figure did not reach the other machine until the seventies and are well-designed wind machines degree of simplicity and accuracy, helped convinced many scientists and engineers the great success that they preach renewable energy technologies.
Energy available in the wind and depends crucially on the speed, in terms of energy multiplied to eight-fold whenever the wind speed increased to double. The average annual wind speed varies from less than six miles per hour in a few areas, to 20 mph in some mountain and coastal areas. The speeds that reach or exceed 12 miles per hour on average, which is appropriate for wind speeds in order to be machine-generated economic power, and could be available in large areas.
Wind energy cosmic expected amount roughly equivalent to five times the use of electric current in the world, and where the generation of power available from the wind rises up cubic wind speed, so the areas with strong winds will witness a great development in this area.
In the United States appeared to wind turbines installed on 6% of the land area can meet the equivalent of 20% of its electricity needs.
Suffice three US states are North and South Dakota, and Texas, and although no one expects the implementation of such a plan, it is fact that the dynamics of wind will become an essential component in the electricity network in North America.
The difficulties faced by the use of wind energy
Wind, like other types of renewable energies, can not be relied upon permanently, any spot on earth may be exposed to strong winds at times, was then the wind completely stop at other times and to overcome the problem of power fluctuation, due to changes in wind speed, must be accompanied by program to generate a strong wind plants postcard program to save energy, either in the form of electrical energy in batteries, or mechanical energy is used to lift water up to the top of a mountain, for example, and then re-use the water to generate electricity when the wind weakens.
The economics of wind power, and programs of some countries in order to exploit
Produces small wind turbine many shapes and sizes, most of the productive activity is concentrated on the machines, which can generate varies from one kilowatt to 15 kilowatts, and feathers diameters less than 12 meters.
American Model object in the area and the house where the average wind speed at more than 12 miles per hour, you can get most of its electricity using a turbine Aeolian capacity ranging between three and five kilowatts.
And varying wind energy system, which is to meet the needs of such a house costs, from five thousand to 20 thousand US dollars.
A typical turbine remote places, a small, solid, and generates a constant stream can Save it in batteries, for use when the wind does not be severe.
And now uses 20 thousand turbine Aeolian in remote places, the fire control points, airports remote and isolated farms in Australia, and the drifting buoys to guide ships away from the coast of Chile, and in mountain huts built by Switzerland places.
Active Industries wind turbines in Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States and a few other countries and there.
The wind turbines are usually cheaper in use of diesel generators, especially in areas where the need to be very little electricity. However, these small wind energy systems are expensive, they generate electricity at a price much higher than the 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, far higher than the price of electricity that generate centrally in most of the country. And so on; because the electricity generated must be stored in batteries, and this process is very high cost.
Combination of electricity generated by wind and the central electricity grid
In recent years has produced a completely different system, it can be used in conjunction with electricity derived from electricity generation facility.
Instead of this wind turbine produces a continuous stream, reach even result in the birth of a current hesitant quite similar to the electricity carried by most of the lines attached.
There are other new machines where the asynchronous adapter is used to perform the same work. And these two techniques, can be used for electricity derived from the central grid with wind power in homes and workplaces. Instead of a user having these turbines to rely on batteries, while there is no wind, it draws electricity from the public facility like an ordinary customer. When the wind is plentiful, and the need for low power, can be re-excess energy in public utility lines enter, thereby acting customer counter in the opposite direction. Thus becomes the owner of the machine producer of wind power, in addition to being a consumer, public utility network is, in fact, be the client’s battery.
Evolution of Use
Studies indicate that there are 3.8 million rural home Balonh the United States, serve as suitable sites, in particular, small wind generators, and more than 370 thousand farm. It can, on the basis of this study, estimate that it is possible to be in the United States in one day a large number of small operating wind turbines of up to five million turbine, supplying about 25 thousand megawatts of generating capacity of electricity or half what extend its power nuclear currently.
And occupies the United States at the forefront in the development of wind machines, since 1975 Aviation Affairs Administration began and space, “NASA” a work in a series of horizontal turbine axis steady arrogance, this program is now under the supervision of the Ministry of Energy and now, newly ensured the establishment of three turbine capacity in 2500 kilowatts in the Columbia River Valley severe winds in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean coast.
Boeing has designed an amazing huge machine has two feathers drawing a bow with a diameter of 100 meters approx. Can be seen from a distance of 5 miles per day wakefulness.
Energy is used to manage the synchronous generator pays electricity directly in the Department of electricity for the Bonneville power grid. It is expected that this machine generates electricity initial price of about eight cents per kilowatt hour.
Mainland officials in Denmark and hopes to offer, soon in the market, from the production machine with a capacity of 630 kilowatts. There is one of the largest engineering companies in England made to generate electricity in nuclear power plants, and these are the company’s ability to design a turbine Aeolian 3 thousand kilowatt government funding. And developed the Bendix Corporation and Hamilton Standard in the United States two machines Ofiqitin axis Ability of the 2 are three thousand, four thousand kilowatts.
In Germany Program Jruyan Growian called program includes 25 projects, some of them for the production of small fans for the production of electrical energy in the range of 15 kW, for use in developing countries and another project to produce a giant fans Qatar up the fan to 50 meters, and its capacity of 265 kilowatt hours.
Israel and are used derived from wind in economic quantities wind energy, and where it has established plants containing high towers in areas of the Upper Galilee, and Carmel, and Bani Amer, and Arrana in the Negev, and has installed capacity of wind turbines in 1200 to 1300 kWh.
Hydropower
The sun mechanical energy in flowing water, as 23% of the solar energy that reaches the earth falls on the surface of the sea, rivers and oceans Then evaporates the water which mounts water vapor with air into the upper atmosphere, Then cooled and the clouds started moving, with the air, to remote areas, and if what I met the foothills of the mountains, they cool down and turn, secondly, to water or refund falls over these mountains, including rushes down very quickly, so the waterways and rivers. Another part of the rain gathered over the mountains in large lakes, even if they were filled, the water flooded them downward to the bottom of the component waterfalls.
In order to exploit the potential energy gained in enormous amounts of stored water in these lakes, the gates are placed at the exits of these lakes, so that they can, on their way, control the rate of fall in the water. The energy situation is equal to the weight of water in the lake stock multiplied by the rise in the lake, from the point at which then will use this energy.
Potential energy = mass of water gravity wheel × × height.
When the rush of the water stored in the lake to the bottom of the potential energy turns into kinetic energy, and if it falls on a turbine connected to a generator, this kinetic energy transformed into mechanical energy runs a turbine, generating electricity, and the efficiency of electric power generation from waterfalls up to 85%, which is higher the efficiency of electricity generation by thermal power plants.
I took many countries in the construction of dams at high Lakes ports, and waterfalls areas. In the rivers of the country, which can build large dams and reservoirs on these rivers streams, and the use of high water level behind the dam in the turbine to generate electricity management.
As is the case when the High Dam place on Lake Nasser in Aswan in Egypt and produces annually 8663 GWh.
The use of large-scale hydroelectric power plants Features
1.
Pollution of the environment does not occur.
2.
Capital is spent in the construction of the dam or reservoir, and this serves to regulate irrigation, as well as to generate electricity.
3.
Power generation efficiency of the high-water power up to 85%, while in thermal power plants does not exceed 40% and 15% of solar cells.
4.
You do not need to high costs for maintenance.
5.
Water turbines easy installation and operation.
Tidal power
Tides of mechanical energy sources in nature, and this phenomenon arising out of attraction between the Earth and the Moon, and the impact of large forces of attraction in the area perpendicular to the moon on the earth’s surface, and the dry surface affected by this power while the surface of the water is affected.
In fount ocean water to the top, as well as the Center of the Earth is attracted in the direction of the moon; causing another tide in the corresponding area of the earth. And the first to provide a practical explanation for this phenomenon is the world of the German astronomer Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler where the link between water movements in the rise and fall, and the conditions of both the sun and the moon, and then the British Isaac Newton Isaac Newton the world and to develop its own laws about gravity between different objects came, and thus put the foundation of the modern theory that explains the phenomenon of the tides.
Due to the movement of Land around itself once every 24 hours, and attract the moon tide in the opposite points on the surface of the earth at the same time, the time period between each consecutive owe happen is 12 hours. Show clearly visible tide in some bays oceans. In some areas, the water during high tide up to 15 meters, where it can take advantage of this phenomenon is a source of electric power generation.
The use of tidal energy in electricity generation
Using tidal energy to generate electricity through the construction of a dam at the entrance to the Gulf, which has a large difference in water level between the tides, and the electricity generating turbines are placed at the gate of the dam.
In the period of tide water level rises in the ocean in front of the gates of the dam, and it opens the gates slowly, and entering the water from outside the Gulf attributed the high to the low alleged inside, Who shall movement electricity generating turbines and close gates after that.
When the tide is limited, and reduced the water level in the ocean in front of the dam, open the gates slowly, Rushes attributed to the high water from inside the Gulf, is attributed to the low in the ocean Who shall movement electricity turbines, including the energy situation has turned into kinetic energy.
Shut the gates after that until the tide starts again after a 12-hour session goes back again. So there are four sessions to generate electricity per day. During the two Tide enter the water from the Atlantic Ocean into the Gulf, and during the two islands and exit of water from the Gulf to the ocean.
Some states have established power stations operate tidal card, such as France. In the United States station near the Brittany coast, when the Rance River entrance, its capacity of 240 megawatts, and there is a plan to exploit the Tidal power in the provision of 1% of its energy, and there is another project under study, planned to stay on the western shores of Nova Scotia, where the rising wave tide around 8.7 meters, when they enter the Annapolis River. When the water out to sea, while the islands, pay turbines are expected to generate about 20 megawatts.
The Soviet Union, as well as Brown, previously, a similar station at the entrance Kamilsay River, not to exceed its capacity to generate more than 400 kilowatts.
Carbonated Energy
The hydrogen gas at the top of the list of fuels that can be used after the exhausted traditional fuels, as it is one of the most gases and abundance in the universe, which is a raw material in the heart of all the stars, and despite the abundance in the heart of the stars in the space located between the galaxies, but the atmosphere air of the land is not available with the free hydrogen gas freewheeling.
It uses hydrogen gas currently in the industry in many purposes, so he brings in large quantities reach about 10 trillion cubic feet in the world, and can be obtained by electrolysis of water, this method gives a gas pure significantly, but this is available in the sea water and the ocean the main source of this gas and so in a way the electrolysis of water, and can obtain the necessary voltage of the solar energy.
Hydrogen gas has been used to generate electricity brokered fuel cells, which do not cause any pollution to the environment, as it is when it burns gives water vapor, which is a natural component of the air components.
Fuel cells
Manufactures fuel cell simplified two poles of carbon with little metal platinum, which is a contributing factor in sulfuric acid loaded. When you pass a stream of hydrogen gas at one of the two poles, and passage of a stream of oxygen gas, or from the air, on the second pole van such simple cell Volta one of the DC power is given, can be grouped such cells in the form of large columns, each of which consists of dozens of these cells to obtain the necessary effort.
Advantage of fuel cells that it does not result in operating noise or noise like the rest of other power plants, so it can establish power plants that run fuel cell anywhere in the center of cities and populated areas, which saves a great deal of costs when the electric power generated distribution them.
Can be used for small units assembled from these cells to provide power in some large buildings, or in some of the big stores, you may need from 25 200 kilowatts of electricity, the researchers estimated in this area, that the electricity generating efficiency of these cells will in the future to about 80 %.
And you need fuel cells when used in electricity generation device that converts fuel into hydrogen-rich gas, and another device that converts the DC output them to AC even in line with the normal electrical grid stream.
The benefits of using renewable energy
In the military field
Of the most important military applications for renewable energy use in facilitating the life of the new military towns, and the units stationed in remote areas, and develop different sources of renewable energy for various purposes; to generate electricity, and desalination of sea water, and cooking, and the use of central systems for solar heaters, for the purpose of providing shelter requirements of military concentrations in remote areas, and the most important applications used in the military field of renewable energy as follows:
1. solar heating system for military colleges to use students.
2. The use of solar water heaters field; to supply hot water units for soldiers.
3. supply of residential areas and military urban solar By heaters.
4. desalination.
Given the vital role that can be played solar cells to generate electricity in remote areas, this technique has been introduced in the field of military use of the following:
A.
Feeding fixed wireless terminals.
B.
Feeding portable wireless devices by individuals.
C.
Food in refrigerators is cooling.
The nature of the work requires the necessity of the presence of armed forces personnel and equipment in remote areas, both on the international border or in the desert, and you need these forces to save food and great for so used refrigerators cooled solar energy.
D.
Solar energy is used to generate electricity for lighting purposes, and management of pumps to extract groundwater.
Receive a large share of wind power in military applications, where high exploiting capabilities, allowing the implementation of projects of wind energy at a high level as follows:
1.
Use of wind energy with a common system for diesel using computerized control and monitoring, and give one fan 200 kWh if used five fans, it was possible to provide megawatts one hour, enough to provide electrical energy for military zone, and units of their own control, and electricity is transferred using insulated aerial cables hanging on wooden poles, so as to take into account aspects of operational, so as to prevent any interference likely on the radar devices, also gives an opportunity to increase the number of electrical lines, without having to use additional columns, and that the use of insulated aerial cable prevents any interference caused by electromagnetic waves from the cable with devices wireless transceiver.
2.
Use of wind energy in the desalination of sea water, to use the military in remote areas that lack the presence of fresh water, as well as in the nearby sea, the desert areas.
Generated from biomass energy use
Been the subject of energy generation from organic waste fermentation anaerobic, which is known as bio-production technique, a keen interest in all applications, it should be noted that the Biogas technology not only contribute to solving the energy problem, but they also contribute to solving the problems of food shortages, and increasing environmental pollution .
Biogas Technology and a special importance in the military uses; because they are a way to combat pollution, and re-use of wastewater, waste, and kitchen, in military camps and cities.
The use of renewable energy in the civil sphere
1. commercial home use
A.
Water heating for the purpose of bathing, washing, cleaning, using solar collectors without converting them to any other form of energy. It is cheaper and cleaner forms of energy at all.
B.
The solar water heating using a flat solar absorber of advanced technology ready economically, which has spread broadly in more than one use.
C.
Solar water heating, does not represent a key item in the state budget.
2. agricultural use
A.
Drying of agricultural products.
B.
Solar greenhouses.
3. Industrial Use
A.
Some plants have tended to use solar energy in some heating and evaporation processes, especially in food factories, plastic, dyeing, in addition to the bakery machinery, and many other industries that require medium or low heat.
B.
Water distillation.
C.
Batteries Relay television and radio stations.
D.
Lighting shipping lanes.
E.
Warning navigational devices.
And.
Operating system loudspeakers.
G.
Operation of televisions in the popular squares.
H.
Refrigerators are keeping drugs in health units.
I.
Charge electric batteries.
J.
Solar irrigation pumps to lift water to irrigate agricultural land.
K.
Operation of desalination units.
L.
Electrification of remote villages.
