First of all:
Physical processes “chapter”
Separation
Separation processes
The most common are:
Distillation, which separates the lighter molecules
Degrees
Boiling
By low-boiling and condensation.
Extraction
Solvent,
And separating the different types of a mixture of some materials, using the solvent can be separated without some
Other.
Cooling and cooling the mixture causes the hardening
Certain parts of the material and the separation of the liquid.
1. Distillation
The distillation
By distillation equipment that is of two types:
Distillation devices
Primary or air.
Distillation devices
Under pressure rarefied
“discharge.”
In devices
Primary distillation, are the processes of evaporation and condensation in the retail towers under equal pressure
Atmospheric pressure or slightly higher. These devices give us six head of products are butane, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel,
And diesel and fuel oil. In the distillation devices under low pressure or rarefied, is up
Processes of evaporation and condensation under the pressure of less than atmospheric pressure and the most important asphalt products, and oils
Lubrication and lubricants.
O.Products primary distillation
(1) Liquefied Petroleum Gas Liquefied Petroleum gases: (LPG)
Is a mixture of gaseous
Propane and butane, which can be convert into a liquid under pressure. Can be obtained
Them from natural gas, or from the natural gasoline, as well as from the distillation unit
Primary. They are considered an important fuel homemade “butane”, as well as the use
Feedstock in the petrochemical industry. Attention must be paid to remove hydrogen sulfide gas
Them; as it causes corrosion problems. Are obtained from the distillation devices also Gas
Methane and ethane. They gasses non-intensify under atmospheric pressure, and used industry
Fertilizers.
(2) gasoline “gasoline” Gasoline
Is prat
Petroleum, which up until boiling over the 150 ° m, which is a mixture of hydrocarbon of C4 until C12, and gasoline
Needless to normal branching and chained, as well as Naphthenes single episode, which
Possible to have a small side chains, as well as aromatic no hydrocarbon
“Aromatic” such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and also there is ethyl benzene.
As for sulfur compounds, are found in combination Prime monosulfide.
There is also gasoline in short aliphatic acids and phenols. And the separation of a single compound
Gasoline and difficult process are not possible due to the large number of isomers.
(3) kerosene Kerosine
Is the product
The refining process in terms of production volume of the President and is used in lighting, as well as uses
Homemade fuel for cooking and heating and an essential component of jet fuel. It includes
the part
With boiling oil over the 150 – 250 ° m, contains paraffins from C12 until C16, as well as
Episode bilateral Naphthenes and hydrocarbon aromatic mono episode of the series
The long side, with dual ring aromatics and combination ring, and no acids
Naphthenes with aliphatic acids in kerosene.
(4) diesel fuel
“Fuel gas” Gas Oil
(solar)
Is part
Petroleum boiling from 250 ° till 350 ° m, and contain Paraffins carbon atom
17 to carbon-20 (C17
– C20), dual-ring and Nafetinat with aromatics single episode, which the
A large number of alkyl side chains, as well as bilateral Episode aromatics. There
Different types of sulfur compounds. As well as basal and non-nitrogenous compounds
Basal, as well as the possible extraction of diesel fatty acids. It can get fuel
Diesel engines of various distillates kerosene and diesel boiling range of 180 ° until 360 ° m
Often, a part with narrow boiling range by a diesel engine type.
B. Distillation under pressure rarefied “vacuum” VACUUM DISTILLATION
These are used
Way to fragmentation of heavy fuel oil “fuel oil” output of the process
Distillation
Primary to bitumen “asphalt” and other materials, “Solar and distillates
Waxy ”
And is mainly used in the production of lubricating oils and lubricants, also can be used
In operations
Thermal cracking or Catalytic which will be mentioned later.
The distillation under
Pressure rarefied “vacuum” let’s reduce the necessary heat to vaporize the largest
Part of the heavy fuel oil “diesel fuel” to get the asphalt; because the degree
Temperature at which the liquid boil then linked to it by clicking the fact. The point can be reduced
Boiling liquid to reduce the pressure on it. This process is to avoid cracking process if the
Distillation under atmospheric pressure, as the temperature of heavy fuel oil “fuel oil”
If risen to high grades required by distillation under
Atmospheric pressure
Normal, it will not evaporate, but broken into its components properties
Completely different
For the desired product. This method achieved a noticeable reduction in costs.
In this way
Using devices or unloading Vacuum Pumps pumps to keep the low pressure. Also used
Pumps to lift the oil through the oven to
Distillation tower under
Low pressure, as the discharge prevents the oil to flow to withdraw
Natural. And turns
Oil to steam flowing bitumen “asphalt” to the bottom,
Where offset by steam
Water with a high temperature causes the pay may be stuck
Of asphalt
A few oily material density to the top of the tower.
He graduated parts
Low density of the top of the tower on the steam mixed with water vapor form, to pass on
Intensive Adaptation together, then mix of diesel and steam Intensive enters the retrieval tower,
Contained vapors drag pump to the top of a tray of trays retail tower.
And pulls the rest
As a final product,, and the gas condensate is withdrawn from the top of the tower by
Vacuum pumps.
And pulls fluid
Of the distillation tower on different dimensions, and passes all media tower installed STABILIZER, to separate materials
Light using water vapor and return it to the tower.
The rest
it’s be cools the unit, which is mainly diesel wax and distillates, which become the raw material
For the manufacture of lubricating oils and lubricants, also can be used in fracturing operations factors
Assistance, leaving bitumen “asphalt” at the bottom of the tower.
In the process
Distillation under low pressure can retain the correct distribution of temperature adjusts the degree
Diesel fuel temperature inside, as well as adjusting the amounts of diesel pumps apostate who return from tower
Recovery to the tower, which is heated distillation tower from the bottom up by fuel oil,
And is cooled from the top to the bottom of the impact of the apostate oil that dripped from the tray to the other.
C. Distillate under vacuum
(1) Lubricating oils Lubricating
Oils
Found in part
Boiling of 350 ° till 500 ° m, and can split to light oils boil
In the range of 350 –
400 ° m, medium and oils from 400 – 450 ° m, heavy oils and boiling of 450 – 500 ° m.
This part
Containing a mixture of oils and waxes, asphalt, and different ratios of these compounds in the oils
Oiling by crude type. Crude is the base paraffin often do not contain asphalt,
And raw asphalt is often the rule does not contain candles. And chained in oils
Oiling up the number of carbon atoms with up to 42 carbon atoms. With quad rings and Nafetinat
And a five-year, while the aromatics are single episode until three episodes and the short side chains.
Can also be five rings in the presence of the Supreme vehicles. There are compounds of sulfur
Large molecular weight in lubricating oils, as well as no derivative acids Carboxylic Acid.
